اثرات جانبی برخی از مهمترین علف‌کش‌های چغندرقند بر ماکروفیت‌ آبزی غیرهدف

نوع مقاله : کامل علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران.

2 کارشناس ارشد علوم علف‌های‌هرز، مدیریت شعب بانک کشاورزی خراسان رضوی، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

افزایش گستردۀ کاربرد علف­کش­ها در محصولات زراعی اغلب می­تواند باعث آلودگی اکوسیستم­های آبی شود. ماکروفیت­های آبزینظیر عدسک آبی (Lemna minor L.) بعنوان گروهی مناسب برای ارزیابی تغییرات محیطی تحت تأثیر علف­کش­ها مورد استفاده قرار می­گیرند. به­منظور بررسی سمیت شش ترکیب تجاری علف­کش شامل دس­مدیفام، فن­مدیفام، دس­مدیفام+ فن­مدیفام+ اتوفومیست، کلوپیرالید و کوییزالوفوپ-پی-اتیل و مادۀ تکنیکال کلریدازون مورد استفاده در اراضی چغندرقند کشور با استفاده از آزمون سم شناسی گیاهی استاندارد عدسک آبی (Lemna Test)، آزمایشی در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در دانشگاه لُرستان در سال 1396 انجام شد. برای تمامی علف­کش­های مورد استفاده، هشت غلظت مختلف از مادۀ مؤثره هر یک از علف­کش­های فوق بصورت دُز-پاسخ به­همراه تیمار شاهد در نظر گرفته شد. ارزیابی سمیت براساس بازدارندگی سرعت رشد نسبی سطح برگ (RGR) عدسک آبی بعد از هفت روز بود. نتایج حاصل از آزمایش نشان داد که تمام علف­کش­های مورد کاربرد رشد عدسک آبی را تحت تأثیر قرار دادند. مقادیر EC50 حاصل از معادلات لگاریتم لُجستیک برازش داده شده بر روی سرعت رشد نسبی سطح برگ عدسک آبی نشان داد که علف­کش دس­مدیفام+ فن­مدیفام+ اتوفومیست سمیت بیشتری را در مقایسه با سایر علف­کش­های مورد استفادۀ چغندرقند دارد (1/04 = EC50میکروگرم برلیتر) و کاهش معنی­داری را در سرعت رشد نسبی سطح برگ عدسک آبی در غلظت علف­کشی بسیار کمتری از سایر علف­کش­ها ایجاد کرده است. کلوپیرالید کمترین سمیت را نسبت به سایر علف­کش­ها بر عدسک آبی از خود نشان داد (71/93 = EC50میکروگرم برلیتر). ترتیب سمیت گیاهی شش علف­کش­ قابل کاربرد در چغندرقند می­تواند بصورت زیر باشد: دس­مدیفام+ فن­مدیفام+ اتوفومیست>کلریدازون >فن­مدیفام>دس­مدیفام> کوییزالوفوپ-پی-اتیل> کلوپیرالید. بنابراین درصورت بکارگیری این علف­کش­ها، باید به حد مجاز تحمل گونه­های آبزی از جمله عدسک آبی که برای تشکیل زنجیرۀ غذایی و عملکرد اکوسیستم­های آبی حیاتی­اند توجه داشت تا منجربهکاهشیانابودیآنهانشود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Side effects of some of the most important sugar beet herbicides on non-target aquatic macrophyte

نویسندگان [English]

  • A. A. Chitband 1
  • M. Nabizade 2
1 Assistant Professor of Weed Science, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
2 MSc. of Weed Science, Agriculture Bank of Kharasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The widespread use of herbicides in crops can often contaminate aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic macrophytes such as duckweed (Lemna minor L.) are used as a suitable group to evaluate the environmental changes caused by herbicides. To evaluate the toxicity of six commercial herbicides including desmedipham, phenmedipham, desmedipham+phenmedipham+ethofumesate, clopyralid, quizalofop‑P‑ethyl and technical substance of chloridazon used in sugar beet fields of Iran using standard phytotoxicity test of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.), an experiment was carried out in a complete randomized design with four replications at Lorestan University in 2017. For all herbicides used, eight different concentrations of the active ingredient of each of the above-mentioned herbicides were considered as dose-response with control treatment. Toxicity evaluation was based on inhibition of relative growth rate (RGR) of duckweed after seven days. The results of the experiment showed that all the herbicides used affected the growth of duckweed. The EC50 values which derived from the log-logistic fitted curves, showed that the desmedipham+phenmedipham+ethofumesate is more toxic compared with other herbicides used in sugar beet field (EC50 = 1.04 μg/L) and caused a significant decrease in the relative growth rate of duckweed at a much lower herbicide concentration than other herbicides. Clopyralid was made less toxicity effects on duckweed than other herbicides (EC50 = 71.93 μg/L). The order of phytotoxicity of the herbicides applicable to sugar beet can be as follows: desmedipham+phenmedipham+ethofumesate > chloridazon > phenmedipham > desmedipham > quizalofop‑P‑ethyl > clopyralid. Therefore, when using these herbicides, the threshold of aquatic species tolerance such as duckweed which are vital for the formation of food chains and the functioning of aquatic ecosystems should be considered as not to reduce or destroy them.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dose-response
  • Duck weed
  • logarithm-logistic equation
  • Phenylcarbamates
  • Relative growth Rate (RGR)

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چغندرقند
دوره 35، شماره 2
اسفند 1398
صفحه 193-206

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