بررسی تحمل به شوری جمعیتهای اصلاحی و هیبریدهای چغندرقند در محیط گلخانه و مزرعه

نوع مقاله : کامل علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی سابق دکترای اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه و استادیار مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان؜غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه، ایران.

2 دانشیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات ،آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

3 دانشیار گروه اصلاح و بیوتکنولوژی گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران.

چکیده

شوری خاک از مهم‌ترین عوامل کاهش عملکرد گیاهان زراعی در سراسر دنیا به ویژه در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک است. ازاین‎رو ایجاد ارقام متحمل به این تنش در گیاهانی مانند چغندرقند که به‎تواند در شرایط تنش رشد نموده و دارای عملکرد اقتصادی باشد، یکی از اهداف مهم به­نژادی است. بدین منظور، ارزیابی تحمل به شوری جمعیت­ها و هیبریدهای مختلف چغندرقند بر اساس برخی صفات فیزیولوژیک، مرفولوژیک و بیوشیمیایی در شرایط گلخانه و مزرعهبرای گزینش جمعیت‎های برتر و ارزیابی صفات مناسب انجام شد. در این تحقیق از دو محیط گلخانه برای بررسی صفات فیزیولوژیکی، مرفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی طی استقرار و مزرعه برای بررسی صفات فیزیولوژیک، عملکرد و اجزای آن استفاده شد. تعداد پنج هیبرید و چهار جمعیت اصلاحی به همراه سه رقم شاهدمتحمل و حساس در گلخانه در دو سطح شوری صفر (شاهد) و 16 دسی‎زیمنس بر متر به‌ صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و در مزرعه به صورت بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در شرایط بدون تنش (1/2 دسی‎زیمنس بر متر) و تنش شوری (17/34 دسی‎زیمنس بر متر) در ایستگاه تحقیقات میاندوآب مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. صفاتی مانند وزن‌تر و خشک اندام هوایی، محتوای آب نسبی برگ، کاهش نسبی آب برگ، وزن ویژه برگ، پرولین و عناصر غذایی (سدیم و پتاسیم) در برگ و عملکرد ریشه و شکر، عیار قند، سدیم و پتاسیم در ریشه در هر دو محیط واجد تنش و بدون‎تنش اندازه‌گیری شدند. در شرایط تنش در گلخانه، صفات پرولین، ماده خشک، سدیم برگ و طول ریشه افزایش معنی‌داری در مقایسه با شرایط بدون‎تنش داشتند اما مقادیر صفات پتاسیم، سطح برگ، محتوای آب نسبی برگ، آب از دست رفته برگ و ماده خشک ریشه کاهش یافته است. در مزرعه، تنش شوری باعث افزایش درصد قند و پتاسیم و کاهش عملکرد ریشه و شکر نسبت به شرایط بدون‎تنش شد. در این تحقیق، هیبرید Msc2*FS7 و جمعیت­ FS2 از نظر صفات عملکرد ریشه، درصد قندناخالص و عملکرد شکرسفید برتر از سایر جمعیت­ها تشخیص داده شدند. رقم حساس شیرین دارای پایین‌ترین مقادیر عملکرد ریشه در شرایط تنش بود. بر اساس نتایج حاصله، صفات پرولین و ماده خشک می‌توانند به‌عنوان معیارهای تمایز ارقام یا جمعیت­ها در تنش شوری مورداستفاده قرار گیرند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of salinity tolerance of sugar beet breeding populations and hybrids under greenhouse and field conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • A.M. Khorshid 1
  • A. Rajabi 2
  • I. Bernousi 3
  • A. Fayaz Moghadam 3
1 Former PhD student of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Faculty, Urmia University, and Assistant Professor of Sugar Beet Research Department, West Azarbayjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education
2 Associate professor of Sugar Beet Seed Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
3 Associate Professor of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Soil salinity is one of the most important factors in reducing crop yield around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, development of salt-tolerant cultivars such as sugar beet that can grow under stress condition and have economic yield, is one of the most important breeding goals. For this purpose, salinity tolerance evaluation of different sugar beet populations and hybrids based on some physiological, morphological, and biochemical traits was performed in greenhouse and field conditions to select high yield populations and and determining the suitable traits for selection. Two greenhouse environments were used to study physiological, morphological and biochemical traits during establishment and field environment to study physiological traits, yield and its components. Five hybrids and four breeding populations along with three tolerant and susceptible control cultivars were evaluated at two salinity levels of 0 (control) and 16 ds/m in a factorial design based on completely randomized design in greenhouse and in a randomized complete block design in the field in normal (1.2 ds/m) and saline (17.34 ds/m) at Miandoab Research Station, Iran. Several characteristics such as fresh and dry weight of shoot, relative water content of leaves, relative leaf water reduction, specific leaf weight, and proline and nutrients (Na and K) in leaves, root yield and sugar yield, sugar content, Na and K in root were measured in both stress and normal conditions. Under stress condition in greenhouse, proline, dry matter, leaf sodium content and root length increased significantly compared with normal condition, but the values ​​of K, leaf area, relative leaf water content, leaf water reduction and root dry matter decreased. In the field, salinity stress increased the sugar content and potassium and decreased root yield and sugar yield compared with normal condition. In this study, Msc2*FS7 hybrid and FS2 population were found to be superior to other populations in terms of root yield, sugar content, and white sugar yield. Susceptible cultivar Shirin had the lowest ​​ root yield under stress ondition. Based on the results, proline and dry matter traits can be used as criteria for cultivars or populations selection under salinity stress.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Morphophysiological traits
  • Proline
  • Salinity stress
  • Sugar beet

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چغندرقند
دوره 35، شماره 2
اسفند 1398
صفحه 141-156

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