موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندر قند با همکاری انجمن علوم زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران چغندرقند 1735-0670 41 1 2025 08 23 A review of genetic insights into bolting in sugar beet(Beta vulgaris L.) مروری بر یافته های ژنتیکی مرتبط با ساقه روی در چغندرقند(Beta vulgaris. L) 1 16 134620 10.22092/jsb.2025.369201.1387 FA محسن آقایی زاده استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. سعید صادق زاده موسسه چغندرقند پرویز فصاحت دانشیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. Journal Article 2025 04 19 Extended Abstract Introduction Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a biennial crop that accumulates sucrose in its storage root during the first growing season. However, under specific environmental and genetic conditions, premature bolting may occur in the first year, leading to significant reductions in root yield and sugar content. Bolting tolerance is thus a key breeding objective, especially for autumn-sown cultivars in regions with mild winters. This study aimed to review and elucidate the genetic mechanisms governing bolting and flowering in sugar beet, with a focus on the role of major and minor genes, regulatory pathways, and molecular markers associated with this trait. Materials and Methods A comprehensive review and synthesis of published research on the inheritance and molecular genetics of bolting tolerance in sugar beet were conducted. Studies involving classical breeding, genetic mapping, QTL analysis, gene expression profiling, and molecular marker development were critically examined. Particular attention was given to the function of B, BTC1, BvFT1, BvFT2, and related genes, as well as the interaction of environmental cues (vernalization and photoperiod) with genetic regulators of the bolting process. Results and discussion Bolting tolerance in sugar beet is a polygenic trait influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Early research identified the B gene as a dominant locus controlling annual habit, while subsequent mapping studies revealed additional loci (B2, B3, B4) contributing to flowering regulation. The BTC1 gene plays a central role by coordinating the expression of BvFT1 and BvFT2 under photoperiodic and vernalization control. Vernalization suppresses BvFT1 expression, allowing BvFT2 activation and transition to reproductive growth. Moreover, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation in shoot apical meristems are associated with differential bolting responses between tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Molecular marker studies demonstrated strong associations with bolting tendency and offer valuable tools for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Breeding programs in Iran and other countries have successfully developed bolting-tolerant genotypes suitable for autumn planting without adverse effects on root yield or sugar productivity. Conclusion The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in sugar beet is governed by complex genetic, epigenetic, and environmental interactions. Advances in molecular genetics and genomics have significantly improved the understanding of bolting control, enabling targeted breeding strategies for bolting tolerance. Integrating traditional selection with molecular tools such as QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection will accelerate the development of stable, high-yielding cultivars adapted to diverse agro-climatic regions. Enhanced knowledge of the genetic basis of bolting not only contributes to crop improvement but also provides a model for studying flowering regulation in biennial plants. Keywords Bolting tolerance, Photoperiod, Vernalization References Zhang C, Li S, Wang Y, Long J, Li X, Ke L, Xu R, Wu Z, Pi Z. Vernalization promotes bolting in sugar beet by inhibiting the transcriptional repressors of BvGI Plant Molecular Biology. 2024; 114(3):67. Doi:http://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-024-01460-x Vogt SH, Weyens G, Lefebvre M, Bork B, Schechert A, Muller AE. The FLC-like gene BvFL1 is not a major regulator of vernalization response in biennial beets. Frontiers in Plant Sciencs. 2014; Vol. 5: 23. Doi:http://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00146 Abou-Elwafa SF. A new locus suppresses bolting under shortening daylength in sugar beet. World Journal of Agricultural Research. 2015; 3(5):179-184. Doi:https://doi.org/10.12691/wjar-3-5-5 Suarez-Lopez P, Wheatley K, Robson F. CONSTANS mediates between the circadian clock and the control of flowering in Arabidopsis. Nature. 2001; 410:1116–1120. Doi:http://doi.org/doi.org/10.1038/35074138 Turck F, Fornara F, Coupland G. Regulation and identity of florigen: FLOWERING LOCUS T moves center stage. Annual Review of Plant Biolpgy. 2008; 59:573–594. Doi:http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092755 Simpson GG. The autonomous pathway: epigenetic and post-transcriptional gene regulation in the control of Arabidopsis flowering time. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2004; 7:570–574. Doi:http://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2004.07.002 چغندرقند در کنار نیشکر دو منبع تأمین‌کننده‌ی شکر و یک محصول ریشه‌ای مهم با چرخه‌ی زندگی دوساله است. در اغلب کشورها زراعت این محصول به‎صورت بهاره و فصل رشد آن مصادف با ماه‎های بهار و تابستان است امّا در برخی موارد در صورت فراهم بودن شرایط اقلیمی مساعد می‎توان زراعت این محصول را به‎صورت پاییزه انجام داد. چغندرقند در سال اول چرخه‌ی زندگی خود، مقادیر زیادی برگ به همراه ریشه تولید می‌کند که برای تولید شکر و بیواتانول، خوراک دام، شیرینی‌ها و داروها، کودها و ترمیم خاک استفاده می‌شود. چغندرقند به‌طور معمول، پس از قرار گرفتن در معرض دمای سرد در طول ذخیره‌سازی زمستانی، در سال دوم چرخه زندگی خود وارد مرحله تولیدمثلی خود می‌شود. با این حال، در طول سال اول رشد، گیاه ممکن است به دلیل بهاره‌سازی و شرایط روزبلند، مستعد تولید شاخه‌های گل‌دار یا ساقه‌روی باشد. این پدیده موجب عدم رشدونمو طبیعی ریشه و کاهش عملکرد آن می‎شود. از سوی دیگر به دلیل مصرف مواد قندی به‎منظور رشد ساقه، درصد قند ریشه و در نهایت عملکرد شکر نیز کاهش می‎یابد لذا زراعت پاییزه چغندرقند نیازمند استفاده از ارقام متحمّل به ساقه‎روی است. تحمّل به ساقه‎روی صفت پیچیده‎ای است که به‎صورت چندژنی کنترل‌شده و تا حد زیادی متأثر از شرایط محیطی نظیر تاریخ کاشت، سن گیاه، تراکم، درجه حرارت و عرض جغرافیائی است. در این مقاله عوامل محیطی مؤثر بر گل‌دهی، مکانیسم‌های ژنتیکی و فیزیولوژیکی تنظیم‌کننده‌ی گذار به مرحله تولیدمثلی و روش‌های کشاورزی و به‌نژادی برای جلوگیری از گل‌دهی بررسی شده‌اند. بررسی حاضر می‌تواند برای پرورش‌دهندگان چغندرقند و به‌نژاد‌گرانی که روی توسعه ارقام و هیبریدهای مقاوم به ساقه‌روی کار می‌کنند و زیست‌شناسان مولکولی که مکانیسم‌های ژنتیکی و فیزیولوژیکی زیربنایی انتقال گیاهان به مرحله گل‌دهی را مطالعه می‌کنند، مفید باشد.

https://jsb.areeo.ac.ir/article_134620_a55a644e3a8eeaa195657e1d72c2f121.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندر قند با همکاری انجمن علوم زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران چغندرقند 1735-0670 41 1 2025 10 27 Evaluation of various sugar beet hybrids in autumn cultivation for root and sugar yield, bolting resistance, and rate of susceptibility to cercospora leaf spot بررسی هیبرید‌های مختلف چغندرقند در کشت پائیزه برای عملکرد ریشه و شکر، مقاومت به ساقه‌روی و میزان آلودگی به بیماری لکه‌برگی سرکوسپورایی 17 28 134617 10.22092/jsb.2025.370357.1392 FA ولی اله یوسف آبادی استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. بابک بابائی استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. سعید دارابی مربی بخش تحقیقات چغندرقند، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران سعید یاراحمدی استادیار بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی-باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گرگان، ایران. مسلم عبدی پور استادیار پردیس تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی گچساران و سایت ملی دیم، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کهکیلویه و بویر احمد، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گچساران، ایران عبدالعزیز حقیقی استادیار بخش تحقیقات گیاه پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گنبد، ایران پرویز فصاحت دانشیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. محمد سعید حسنوندی استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. Journal Article 2025 08 10 Extended Abstract Introduction Autumn-sown sugar beet cultivation offers a viable agronomic strategy for enhancing crop productivity and sustainability, particularly in regions with mild winters. By taking advantage of extended growing periods and cooler temperatures during the early developmental stages, Autumn sowing can contribute to higher root biomass and increased sugar accumulation. However, to successfully implement this system, the selection of appropriate genotypes is crucial. Varieties with strong resistance to bolting, a physiological response triggered by prolonged exposure to low temperatures, are essential to prevent premature flowering, which negatively impacts both yield and sugar quality. In addition, resistance to Cercospora leaf spot, is vital for preserving leaf health and ensuring sustained photosynthetic activity throughout the season. The adoption of autumn-sown cultivation, when combined with resistant and high-performing varieties, has the potential to reduce production risks and input requirements, particularly in terms of irrigation. Autumn cultivation not only enhances water-use efficiency but also supports more sustainable land management and crop rotation practices. Materials and methods In order to evaluate and select superior hybrids, 10 promising hybrids along with one domestic control and four foreign controls were compared in two crop seasons of 2022 and 2023 at Safi-Abad Research Center in Dezful region. The desired hybrids along with five commercial varieties were cultivated in a randomized complete block design with four replications and the traits of root yield, white sugar percentage and white sugar yield were measured. Results and discussion Based on the results of the combined analysis of value for cultivation and use test data in the Dezful region, the new hybrids SBSI-223 and SBSI-224 showed more than 40% increase in yield with an average white sugar yield of 10.41 and 9.89 t.ha-1, respectively, compared with the domestic resistant control (6.99 t.ha-1). The hybrid SBSI-224 and the Palma cultivar were in the superior statistical group with an average sugar yield of 11.1 t.ha-1, and the hybrid SBSI-223 did not differ significantly from the Motor, Semper, and Vangelis cultivars. The average bolting of the two hybrids SBSI-223 and SBSI-224 was 0 and 0.09%, respectively, which is very promising and indicates the good tolerance of these hybrids to bolting under winter cultivation conditions in the southwest of the country. Another feature of these hybrids is their high resistance to cercospora disease. The average infection score of the new hybrids SBSI-223 and SBSI-224 was calculated to be 2.88 and 2.75, respectively, which was the lowest among other new hybrids and domestic and foreign control cultivars. The average infection score of the domestic resistant control was 5, and the foreign resistant cultivars Palma, Semper, Motor, and Vangelis were 3.31, 5.38, 3.38, and 3.94, respectively. Conclusion The hybrids SBSI-223 and SBSI-224 were identified as monogerm diploid cultivars suitable for winter cultivation in the beet growing areas of the southwest of the country. These hybrids had high root yield and sugar percentage and showed acceptable resistance to cercospora disease. Keywords Cultivar, Water-use efficiency, White sugar yield. References Fasahat P, Hosseinpour M, Kakueinezhad M, Hemayati SS, Laidig F. Effect of latitude on sugar beet bolting occurrence. Poljoprivreda i Sumarstvo. 2023; 69(2): 181-190. Doi:https://doi.org/10.17707/AgricultForest.69.2.14 Hosseinpour M, Hosseinian SH, Yousefabadi V. Effect of irrigation management on quantitative and qualitative parameters of autumn-sown sugar beet. Journal of Sugar Beet. 2017; 33(2): 221-235. (In Persian With English Abstract)Doi:https://doi.org/10.22092/jsb.2018.115067.1163 Rezaei J, Fasahat P. Autumn-sown sugar beet cultivation in semiarid regions. pp. 275-290. In: Misra, V. et al. (Eds.) Sugar beet cultivation, management and processing. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. 2022 Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2730-0_14 چغندرقند پائیزه با بهره‌گیری از شرایط اقلیمی خاص می تواند کشت پائیزه مناسبی باشد. گزینش رقم‌های مقاوم به ساقه‌روی و بیماری سرکوسپورایی می‌تواند در افزایش عملکرد ریشه و شکر مؤثر بوده و ضمن کاهش مصرف آب، خسارت ناشی از‌ ساقه‌روی و بیماری لکه برگی سرکوسپرای را کاهش دهد. به‌منظور ارزیابی و گزینش هیبریدهای برتر، تعداد 10 هیبرید پیشرو به همراه یک شاهد داخلی و چهار شاهد خارجی در دو سال زراعی 1400-1401 و 1402-1401 در مرکز تحقیقات صفی‌آباد در منطقه دزفول مورد مقایسه قرار گرفتند. هیبریدهای مورد نظر به همراه پنج رقم تجاری در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار کشت و صفات عملکرد ریشه، درصد قند خالص و عملکرد شکر سفید اندازه‌گیری شد. بر اساس نتایج مقایسه میانگین داده‌های آزمون تعیین ارزش زراعی در منطقه دزفول، هیبریدهای جدید SBSI-223 و SBSI-224 به ترتیب با متوسط عملکرد شکر سفید 41/10 و 89/9 تن در هکتار، در مقایسه با شاهد مقاوم داخلی (99/6 تن در هکتار) بیش از 40 درصد افزایش عملکرد نشان دادند. هیبرید SBSI-224 و رقم پالما (Palma) به‌طور متوسط با عملکرد شکر 1/11 تن در هکتار، در گروه برتر آماری قرار گرفت و هیبرید SBSI-223 نیز اختلاف معنی‌داری با ارقام موتور (Motor)، سمپر (Semper) و ونجلیس (Vangelis) نداشت. متوسط ساقه‌روی دو هیبرید SBSI-223 و SBSI-224 به ترتیب برابر صفر و 09/0 درصد به دست آمد که نشان از تحمل خوب این هیبریدها نسبت به ساقه‌روی در شرایط کشت پائیزه در جنوب غرب کشور دارد. ویژگی دیگر این هیبریدها، مقاومت بالای آنها به بیماری لکه‌برگی است. متوسط نمره آلودگی هیبریدهای جدید SBSI-223 و SBSI-224 به ترتیب معادل 88/2 و 75/2 محاسبه شد که در میان سایر هیبریدهای جدید و ارقام شاهد داخلی و خارجی کمترین مقدار بود. متوسط نمره آلودگی شاهد مقاوم داخلی برابر 5 و ارقام مقاوم خارجی پالما، سمپر، موتور و ونجلیس به ترتیب برابر 31/3، 38/5، 38/3 و 94/3 به‌دست آمد. هیبریدهای SBSI-223 و SBSI-224 به‌عنوان ارقام دیپلوئید منوژرم برای کشت پائیزه در مناطق چغندرکاری جنوب غرب کشور مناسب تشخیص داده شدند. این هیبری دها از عملکرد ریشه و درصد قند بالایی برخوردار بودند و مقاومت قابل قبولی نسبت به بیماری لکه‌برگی سرکوسپورایی از خود نشان دادند.

https://jsb.areeo.ac.ir/article_134617_2afb38a4bbe661afeebca3d67467742b.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندر قند با همکاری انجمن علوم زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران چغندرقند 1735-0670 41 1 2025 08 23 Evaluation of yield stability and resistance to rhizomania and rhizoctonia root rot in new sugar beet hybrids ارزیابی پایداری عملکرد و مقاومت به بیماری‌های ریزومانیا و پوسیدگی ریزوکتونیایی ریشه در هیبریدهای جدید چغندرقند 29 48 134833 10.22092/jsb.2025.371008.1398 FA مهدی حسنی مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران علی صارمی راد مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران حیدر عزیزی بخش تحقیقات چغندرقند، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، حامد منصوری مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان همدان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، همدان، ایران مستانه شریفی بخش تحقیقات چغندرقند مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران. پرویز فصاحت مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران پیمان نوروزی مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران جواد رضایی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران Journal Article 2025 10 12 Extended Abstract Introduction Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) stands as a pivotal cornerstone in the global agro-industrial sector, serving as one of the primary sources of sucrose and bioethanol production. Despite significant agronomic advancements, the sustainability of sugar beet cultivation is incessantly compromised by biotic stressors, particularly soil-borne pathogens which can cause precipitous declines in root yield and sugar content. Among these, Rhizomania, caused by the Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and transmitted by the vector Polymyxa betae, and Rhizoctonia root rot, caused by the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, represent two of the most devastating diseases worldwide. The simultaneous occurrence of these pathogens in major production regions necessitates the development of dual-purpose cultivars that exhibit not only high yield potential but also robust genetic resistance. Furthermore, given the diverse pedoclimatic conditions of sugar beet growing regions, the genotype-environment interaction (GEI) plays a critical role in phenotypic expression. Consequently, relying solely on yield potential is insufficient; identifying stable genotypes that maintain performance across varying environmental gradients is imperative. This study was conceptualized to evaluate the yield stability and pathological response of newly developed sugar beet hybrids—derived from the introgression of foreign germplasm with locally adapted domestic pollinators—against the dual threats of Rhizomania and Rhizoctonia root rot. Materials and Methods The genetic material for this investigation comprised 32 novel hybrids generated through a mating design. These hybrids were synthesized by crossing two single crosses (as female parents with established resistance backgrounds) with 16 diverse pollinator lines (as male parents). To provide a benchmark for performance, four commercial cultivars were included as checks. The agronomic evaluation was conducted through multi-environment trials across four distinct agro-ecological zones in Iran, Mashhad, Shiraz, Miandoab, and Hamedan. These locations were selected to represent a wide range of environmental conditions and natural disease pressures. The field experiments utilized a randomized complete block design with four replications at each site. Agronomic traits, specifically root yield (RY), sugar content (SC), and white sugar yield (WSY), were q uantified. Parallel to the field trials, a rigorous pathological assessment for resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot was conducted under controlled microplot conditions to minimize environmental error and ensure uniform infection pressure. This experiment involved artificial inoculation of the soil with the highly virulent Rhizoctonia solani isolate Rh133, grown on corn grain medium. The resistance to Rhizomania was evaluated under natural infection conditions in infested fields, capitalizing on the presence of BNYVV. Statistical analyses included a combined analysis of variance to assess the main effects of genotype, environment, and their interaction. Stability analysis was performed to identify genotypes with minimal variance across environments, ensuring that selected hybrids possess both high performance and dynamic stability. Results and Discussion The quantitative genetic analysis revealed that the main effects of genotype and environment, as well as the GEI, were highly significant (P≤0.01) for both RY and WSY. The significance of the GEI indicates that the relative ranking of the hybrids varied across the four tested locations, underscoring the necessity of stability indices for genotype selection. In the first set of experiments, stability and mean performance analysis highlighted hybrids 15, 7, 14, and 13 as the superior genotypes. These hybrids demonstrated a synergistic combination of high WSY and low interaction variance, suggesting their suitability for a broad range of environmental conditions. In the second experimental set, hybrids 14, 6, 12, and 11 emerged as the top-performing candidates, exhibiting exceptional agronomic traits superior to the trial means and competitive with the commercial checks. Regarding pathological traits, the screening for Rhizomania resistance indicated a high efficacy of the resistance genes present in the parental lines. Almost all experimental hybrids displayed high levels of resistance, scoring between 1 and 3 on the standard disease severity scale (where 1 indicates no symptoms and 9 indicates plant death). This suggests that the genetic background of the single crosses successfully conferred BNYVV resistance to the progeny. The evaluation of resistance to Rhizoctonia solani revealed significant genetic variability among the hybrids. In the first experiment, hybrids 12 and 9 recorded disease severity indices of 3.95 and 4.59, respectively. In the second experiment, hybrids 5, 3, and 1 demonstrated promising tolerance levels with indices of 4.56, 4.69, and 4.75, respectively. These scores are particularly significant given the virulence of the Rh133 isolate used in the artificial inoculation. Conclusion The significance of the GEI reaffirms that breeding for specific adaptation or wide stability is crucial for maximizing genetic gain in sugar beet. The identification of hybrids such as 14 and 12, which appeared in top rankings for either yield stability or disease resistance, offers promising genetic resources for future breeding programs. Crucially, the study successfully identified genotypes that possess dual resistance (or high tolerance) to both Rhizomania and Rhizoctonia, addressing a major gap in current disease management strategies. The hybrids identified with moderate resistance to Rhizoctonia, combined with their high Rhizomania resistance and competitive yield, represent viable alternatives to current commercial cultivars, potentially reducing the reliance on chemical fungicides and enhancing the economic stability of farmers in infested regions. In conclusion, this research has led to the isolation of superior sugar beet hybrids that harmonize yield potential, phenotypic stability, and biotic stress resistance. These genotypes are recommended for release or further pre-commercial trials in regions prone to Rhizomania and Rhizoctonia root rot complexes. Keywords: Genotype-environment interaction, Microplot, Soil-borne diseases, Susceptibility. References Taleghani D, Hosseinpour M, Nemati R, Saremirad A. Study of the possibility of winter sowing of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) early cultivars in Moghan region, Iran. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 2023b; 24(4): 319–334. Doi:https://doi.org/10.22092/ijcs.2023.360341.1348 Resende MDV. Software Selegen-REML/BLUP: a useful tool for plant breeding. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology. 2016; 16(4): 330–339. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332016v16n4a49 Sun B, Li S, Pi Z, Wu Z, Wang R. Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of exotic sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties using three molecular markers. Plants. 2024; 13(7): 965. Doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070965 چغندرقند به‌عنوان یکی از منابع اصلی تأمین شکر، همواره با تهدید بیماری‌های خاک‌زاد نظیر ریزومانیا و پوسیدگی ریزوکتونیایی ریشه مواجه است که پایداری تولید را به خطر می‌اندازند. شناسایی ارقام مقاوم با عملکرد پایدار در مناطق آلوده، موثرترین راهکار مدیریت این چالش است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف ارزیابی پایداری عملکرد و واکنش هیبریدهای جدید حاصل از سینگل‌کراس‌های خارجی و گرده افشان‌های داخلی نسبت به این دو بیماری صورت گرفت. در این رابطه، 32 هیبرید حاصل از تلاقی دو سینگل‌کراس خارجی با 16 لاین گرده‌افشان، به همراه چهار رقم شاهد مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. هیبرید‌ها در قالب دو آزمایش مجزا در چهار منطقه (مشهد، شیراز، میاندوآب و همدان) بر اساس طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار کشت شدند. مقاومت به بیماری پوسیدگی ریشه نیز در یک آزمایش جداگانه در شرایط کنترل‌شده میکروپلات با مایه‌زنی مصنوعی جدایه بیمارگر Rhizoctonia solani (Rh133) بررسی شد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس مرکب نشان داد که برهم‌کنش ژنوتیپ- محیط برای عملکرد ریشه و شکر سفید در هر دو آزمایش در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار بود. بر اساس نتایج، هیبرید‌های 15، 7، ۱۴ و 13 در آزمایش اول و هیبریدهای 14، 6، 12 و 11 در آزمایش دوم به عنوان هیبرید‌های مناسب شناسایی شدند. نتایج ا رزیابی مقاومت به بیماری ریزومانیا، حاکی از آن بود که تقریباً تمام هیبریدهای آزمایشی دارای سطح بالایی از مقاومت (نمره 1 تا 3) بودند. حال آن‌که، ارزیابی مقاومت به پوسیدگی ریشه نشان داد که در آزمایش اول هیبریدهای ۱۲ و 9 به ترتیب با شاخص 95/3 و 59/4 و در آزمایش دوم هیبریدهای 5، 3 و 1 با شاخص 56/4، 69/4 و 75/4 توانستند سطح مقاومت مناسبی (نیمه‌مقاوم) را از خود به نمایش بگذارند. در مجموع، این مطالعه با موفقیت به شناسایی هیبریدهای جدید و برتری منجر شد که از نظر عملکرد با بهترین شاهدهای تجاری قابل رقابت بودند.

https://jsb.areeo.ac.ir/article_134833_58ff643158e561b2487d9cde8891367e.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندر قند با همکاری انجمن علوم زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران چغندرقند 1735-0670 41 1 2025 08 23 Effect of planting density, irrigation method, and nitrogen fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative performance of sugar beet under transplanting system اثر تراکم کشت، روش‌ آبیاری و کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) در سیستم کشت نشائی 49 72 134917 10.22092/jsb.2025.370557.1394 FA غلامرضا محسن آبادی گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، گیلان، ایران. حسین محمدی پاکدهی 1. گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، گیلان، ایران. محمد حسن بیگلوئی گروه آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان حسن حبیبی دانشگاه گیسن آلمان ولی الله یوسف آبادی موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح وتهیه نهال و بذرچغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج. Journal Article 2025 08 28 Extended Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods A two-year field experiment (2022 and 2023) was conducted in Abyek, Qazvin Province. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments included two planting densities (83,000 and 100,000 plants per hectare) as the main plots (C₁ and C₂), three irrigation methods (furrow, drip tape, and alternate furrow) as the subplots (I₁, I₂, and I₃), and three nitrogen fertilizer levels (50, 100, and 150 kg N ha-1) as the sub–subplots (N₁, N₂, and N₃). The distance between emitters in the drip lines was 20 cm. The German monogerm sugar beet cultivar 'Puma' was used. Seedlings were raised in a nursery and transplanted at the 8-10 leaf stage, approximately 60 days after sowing. Irrigation scheduling was managed using the CROPWAT 8.0 software based on daily meteorological data from the local station, with application efficiencies of 95% for drip and 60% for furrow irrigation. Morphological traits including leaf length and width, root length and diameter, plant height, and number of leaves, as well as root yield and quality parameters (sugar content, extractable sugar, molasses percentage, sodium, potassium, and alpha-amino nitrogen) were measured at harvest. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 software, and mean comparisons were performed using Tukey's test at a 5% significance level. Results The combined analysis of variance revealed that planting density, irrigation method, and nitrogen fertilization significantly influenced most measured traits. Morphological Traits and Yield: Drip irrigation (I2) combined with the lower planting density of 83,000 plants ha⁻¹ (C1) produced the highest values for leaf length (46.86 cm), leaf width (18.75 cm), root diameter, plant height (105.88 cm), and dry matter weight (1319.94 g). In contrast, alternate furrow irrigation (I3) at the higher density (C2) resulted in the lowest values. Root yield was highest (113.61 T ha⁻¹) under drip irrigation at the C1 density. Quality Parameters: Sugar content (20.24%) and extractable sugar coefficient were maximized under drip irrigation (I2) at C1 density. The lowest molasses percentage and alpha-amino nitrogen content (3.04 mmol/100g pulp) were also recorded under this treatment. Conversely, higher planting density (C2) combined iwth furrow irrigation increased sodium content and root alkalinity. Nitrogen application up to 150 kg ha⁻¹ increased root length but occasionally reduced the extractable sugar coefficient, indicating a potential negative impact on processing quality at very high rates. Discussion The superior performance under drip irrigation is attributed to the uniform and efficient application of water and nutrients directly to the root zone, which reduces stress and optimizes growth conditions. Lower planting density (83,000 plants ha⁻¹) minimized inter-plant competition for resources such as light, water, and nutrients, allowing for better individual plant development and larger root size, thereby contributing to higher yield and quality. The response to nitrogen was complex. While increasing nitrogen up to 150 kg ha⁻¹ improved vegetative growth and root yield, the optimal rate for balancing yield with high sugar quality (extractable sugar) was 100 kg N ha⁻¹. This aligns with previous studies indicaing that excessive nitrogen promotes vegetative growth at the expense of sucrose accumulation and increases impurities like alpha-amino nitrogen. The significant interaction between year and other factors highlights the influence of climatic variations between the two growing seasons, highlighting the importance of adaptable management practices. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the interaction of planting density, irrigation method, and nitrogen fertilization is crucial for optimizing sugar beet production. The combination of lower planting density (83,000 plants ha⁻¹), drip irrigation, and moderate nitrogen application rate (100 kg N ha⁻¹) provided the best results for both quantitative yield and qualitative traits (sugar content and purity) in transplanted sugar beet in the Abyek region. This management strategy efficiently utilizes resources, improves water productivity, and maximizes economic returns, providing valuable guidance for farmers in similar semi-arid environments. Keywords: Molasses percentage, Morphological traits, Sugar beet root yield, Sugar content. References Shirinzadeh N, Biglouei MH, Akhavan K, Mohammadi A. The Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Irrigation Method on Water Productivity, Yield, and Yield Components of Wheat. Journal of Crops Improvement. 2022; 24(2): 283-296. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2021.309207.2444 Khaembah EN, Nelson WR. Transplanting as a means to enhance crop security of fodder beet. bioRxiv. 2016. p.056408. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/056408 Al-Dhumri SA, Al Mosallam MS, Zhang W, Alharbi S, Abou-Elwafa SF. Application of molasses as an eco-innovative approach substitutes mineral N fertilization and enhances sugar beet productivity. Waste Biomass Valorization. 2023; 14: 287–296. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01873-z عملکرد کمی و کیفی چغندرقند به میزان قابل‌توجهی به شیوه‌های مختلف به زراعی واکنش نشان می‌دهد. به‌منظور بررسی اثر تراکم، روش آبیاری و کود نیتروژن بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی چغندرقند نشائی در منطقه آبیک استان قزوین آزمایشی طی دو سال ( 1401 و 1402) اجرا گردید. آزمایش به‌صورت طرح کرت‌های دو بار خردشده و در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: تراکم کشت در دو سطح 83 و 100 هزار بوته در هکتار در کرت اصلی و سه روش آبیاری فارو، قطره‌ای نواری و فارو یک‌درمیان در کرت فرعی همراه با سه سطح نیتروژن 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار در کرت فرعی فرعی. فاصله قطره‌چکان‌ها در نوارها 20 سانتی‌متر بود. نتایج تجزیه مرکب داده‌ها نشان داد، تراکم کشت بر صفات مورفولوژیک و میزان سدیم معنی‌دار بود. روش آبیاری بر صفات مورفولوژیک، درصد قند، درصد ملاس، میزان سدیم و نیتروژن مضره معنی‌دار شد. همچنین نیتروژن بر صفات مورفولوژیک اثر معنی‌داری داشت. افزایش تراکم باعث کاهش طول و عرض برگ، قطر ریشه و وزن ماده خشک شد، درحالی‌که آبیاری قطره‌ای و استفاده از سطوح بالاتر نیتروژن به بهبود این صفات کمک کرد. سال اول آزمایش نسبت به سال دوم عملکرد بهتری در اکثر صفات نشان داد. بیشترین طول و عرض برگ در تراکم 83 هزار بوته در هکتار و آبیاری قطره‌ای مشاهده شد. افزایش نیتروژن تا 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار باعث افزایش طول ریشه (7/32 سانتی‌متر) و عملکرد ریشه (61/113 تن در هکتار) شد. بیشترین قند با میزان 24/20 درصد و کمترین میزان نیتروژن مضره با میانگین (04/3 میلی‌مول در 100 گرم خمیر) در روش آبیاری قطره‌ای مشاهده شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که تراکم 83 هزار بوته در هکتار، روش قطره‌ای و مصرف 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن نسبت به سایر سطوح به‌طور قابل‌توجهی عملکرد و کیفیت چغندرقند را بهبود می‌بخشد.

https://jsb.areeo.ac.ir/article_134917_1b84b5d6918e7195c51fc63a1e1077f0.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندر قند با همکاری انجمن علوم زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران چغندرقند 1735-0670 41 1 2025 12 23 Study the effect of salicylic acid foliar spraying on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet at different irrigation levels. بررسی اثر محلول پاشی اسید سالیسیلیک بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی چغندر قند در سطوح مختلف آبیاری 73 90 134295 10.22092/jsb.2025.369144.1386 FA رقیه فاطمی گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد میاندوآب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میاندواب، ایران بیژن کهراریان گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد میاندوآب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، میاندوآب، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 14 Extended Abstract Introduction Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a key sugar-producing crop in temperate regions, with global cultivation covering ~4.52 million hectares in 2023. Drought stress significantly limits its growth and yield, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas like Iran. Plants respond to water deficit through biochemical, physiological, and morphological adaptations, including altered stomatal conductance, reduced RWC, and oxidative stress. Salicylic acid, a phytohormone, modulates stress responses by enhancing antioxidant activity, photosynthetic efficiency, and osmotic regulation. This study evaluated SA’s potential to mitigate drought effects on sugar beet in Miandoab, Iran. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in a silty-loam soil (pH 7.6, EC 2.15 dS/m) using a split-plot design. Irrigation levels (normal: 60 mm, deficit: 120 mm evaporation) were assigned to main plots, and SA concentrations (0, 2, 4 mM) to subplots. The cultivar ‘Dorothy’ was sown at 100,000 plants/ha. SA was applied twice: one week before and after inducing drought. Traits measured included photosynthetic pigments, proline, RWC, stomatal conductance, root yield, sugar content, antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD), and MDA. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1. Results and Discussion: The study investigated the effects of salicylic acid (SA) foliar application (0, 2, and 4 mM) under normal irrigation (60 mm evaporation) and water deficit (120 mm evaporation) on sugar beet physiology and yield. Water stress significantly reduced chlorophyll a (by 44.3%), chlorophyll b (by 48.7%), carotenoids (by 43.9%), relative water content (RWC, 10.1%), stomatal conductance (15.8%), and root yield (26.9%), while increasing proline (49.2%), sugar content (8.98%), and malondialdehyde (MDA, 72.4%). SA application, particularly 4 mM, mitigated these effects: under water deficit, it increased chlorophyll a (46.7%), chlorophyll b (71.3%), carotenoids (67.4%), RWC (12.1%), and stomatal conductance (14.1%), while reducing proline (12.1%) and MDA (31.1%). Antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD) showed elevated activity under stress, with 4 mM SA enhancing CAT by 39.2% and SOD by 146.5% compared to controls. Yield parameters responded strongly to SA: under normal irrigation, 2 mM SA maximized root yield (97.57 t/ha) and sugar yield (15.29 t/ha), while 4 mM SA under water deficit improved root yield by 26.1% (67.12 t/ha) and sugar yield by 30.1% (12.10 t/ha) versus stressed controls. Sugar content increased by 8.98% under drought, but was highest (17.96%) with 4 mM SA. Correlation analysis revealed positive relationships between sugar yield and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a: r=0.76, chlorophyll b: r=0.80), RWC (r=0.60), stomatal conductance (r=0.62), and root yield (r=0.91), but negative correlations with proline (r=-0.67) and MDA (r=-0.76). The mechanisms of SA's protective effects involved: (1) Preservation of photosynthetic apparatus via increased chlorophyll synthesis and reduced degradation under oxidative stress, (2) Enhanced water status through improved stomatal regulation and RWC, (3) Activation of antioxidant systems (CAT, SOD) to scavenge ROS, reducing lipid peroxidation (MDA), and (4) Osmotic adjustment via moderated proline accumulation. The 4 mM SA concentration proved most effective in drought conditions, nearly equalin g normal irrigation yields, suggesting its utility for water-limited cultivation. These findings align with previous reports of SA's role in stress mitigation across crops, demonstrating its potential as a sustainable strategy for maintaining sugar beet productivity under climate-induced water scarcity. Conclusion This study demonstrates that foliar application of salicylic acid (SA), particularly at 4 mM, effectively mitigates drought stress in sugar beet by enhancing physiological and biochemical responses. Under water deficit, SA improved photosynthetic efficiency by preserving chlorophyll and carotenoid content, maintained leaf water status through increased RWC and stomatal conductance, and activated antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD) to reduce oxidative damage. These adaptations translated into significant yield improvements, with 4 mM SA increasing root yield by 26.1% and sugar yield by 30.1% compared to stressed controls. The strong positive correlations between sugar yield and photosynthetic pigments, RWC, and stomatal conductance highlight SA’s role in sustaining carbon assimilation and water-use efficiency under stress. Conversely, reduced proline and MDA levels with SA treatment confirmed its effectiveness in alleviating osmotic and oxidative stress. The results suggest that 4 mM SA can nearly compensate for yield losses under moderate drought, offering a practical strategy for sugar beet cultivation in water-limited environments. Future research should explore SA’s long-term effects and interactions with other stress-mitigation practices to optimize its field application. Keywords: Enzyme, Photosynthetic Pigment, Physiological, Water deficit, References Abbaszadeh B, Layeghhaghighi M, Azimi R, Hadi N. Improving water use efficiency through drought stress and using salicylic acid for proper production of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020; 144: 111893. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111893. Muneera DFA, Yaser MH, Kotb A, Emadeldeen R, Latifa A, Hussah IMA, Khaled AA. Evaluation of silicon and proline application on the oxidative machinery in drought-stressed sugar beet. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(398):1-19. Doi: https://doi: 10.3390/antiox10030398. Liang G, Liu J, Zhang J, Guo J. Effects of drought stress on photosynthetic and physiological parameters of tomato. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 2019; 145(1): 12-17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS04588-19 با هدف بررسی اثر محلول‌پاشی اسید سالیسیلیک بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی چغندرقند، آزمایشی به‌صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در سال زراعی 1403-1402 اجرا شد، دو سطح آبیاری نرمال (آبیاری بعد از 60 میلی‌متر تبخیر) و تنش کم‌آبی (آبیاری بعد از 120 میلی‌متر تبخیر) به کرت‌های اصلی و محلول‌پاشی اسید سالیسیلیک (شاهد، 2 و 4 میلی مولار) به کرت‌های فرعی اختصاص داده شد. نتایج نشان داد کم‌آبی محتوی نسبی آب برگ (06/10%) و ضریب هدایت روزنه‌ای (82/15%) را کاهش و عیار قند را افزایش داد، همچنین بالاترین سطوح محتوی نسبی آب برگ، ضریب هدایت روزنه‌ای و عیار قند به سطح 4 میلی مولار اسید سالیسیلیک اختصاص داشت. نتایج همچنین نشان داد کاربرد 2 میلی‌مولار تحت شرایط نرمال و 4 میلی‌مولار تحت شرایط کم‌آبی اسید سالیسیلیک محتوی کلروفیل a (به ترتیب 47/41 و 69/46 درصد)، کلروفیل b (به ترتیب 67/28 و 32/71 درصد)، کارتنوئید (به ترتیب 73/51 و 44/67 درصد)، وزن خشک اندام هوایی (به ترتیب 48/47 و 19/37 درصد)، عملکرد ریشه (به ترتیب 74/33 و 11/26 درصد)، عملکرد شکر (به ترتیب 76/36 و 10/30 درصد)، مقدار فعالیت کاتالاز (به ترتیب 19/82 و 18/39 درصد)، سوپر اکسید دیسموتاز (به ترتیب 75/34 و 52/146 درصد) را افزایش و محتوی پرولین (به ترتیب 67/19 و 08/12 درصد) و مالون دی آلدهید (به ترتیب 83/36 و 11/31 درصد) را کاهش دادند. همبستگی عملکرد شکر با محتوی کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، کارتنوئید، محتوی نسبی آب برگ، ضریب هدایت روزنه‌ای و وزن خشک اندام هوایی و عملکرد ریشه مثبت و معنی‌دار و با محتوی پرولین منفی و معنی‌دار بود. می‌توان نتیجه گرفت کاربرد اسید سالیسیلیک می‌تواند راهکاری مناسب برای افزایش عملکرد شکر تحت شرایط آبیاری نرمال و شرایط تنش کم‌آبی باشد.

https://jsb.areeo.ac.ir/article_134295_6546c3012e070ca7ffc46f09da1a4c62.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندر قند با همکاری انجمن علوم زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران چغندرقند 1735-0670 41 1 2025 12 30 The combined foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles, chitosan, and proline enhances physiological traits and yield in drought-stressed sugar beet (beta vulgaris L.) بررسی اثر محلول‌پاشی نانوذره‌ی روی و ترکیبات محرک رشد بر صفات فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد چغندرقند تحت شرایط کم‌آبی 91 112 134753 10.22092/jsb.2025.370717.1395 FA شهناز نیکزاد دانشکده کشاورزی، آب، غذا و فراسودمندها، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران. سوران شرفی گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران تورج میرمحمودی دانشکده کشاورزی، آب، غذا و فراسودمندها، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران. سامان یزدان ستا دانشکده کشاورزی، آب، غذا و فراسودمندها، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران. حمزه حمزه بخش تحقیقات چغندرقند، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، Journal Article 2025 09 16 Extended Abstract Introduction Sugar beet is a crucial crop for global sugar production, but its yield is significantly hampered by drought stress, which can lead to a reduction of up to 30% by interfering with physiological and biochemical functions. The use of nano-fertilizers such as zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and plant biostimulants like chitosan and proline offers a promising strategy to improve drought resistance in crops. ZnO-NPs can enhance nutrient absorption and boost antioxidant defenses, whereas chitosan serves as an elicitor to reinforce plant defense systems, and proline acts as an essential osmolyte for osmotic balance. We hypothesized that the combined foliar application of ZnO-NPs, chitosan, and proline would synergistically enhance the physiological performance, yield, and sugar concentration of sugar beet under conditions of limited irrigation more effectively than when applied individually. Materials and Methods A two-year field study (2021-2022 and 2022-2023) was conducted using a split-split plot design arranged in Randomized Complete Blocks with three replications. The main plots were assigned to two irrigation regimes: normal (irrigation after 90 mm evaporation) and deficit irrigation (irrigation after 180 mm evaporation). Sub-plots received foliar applications of ZnO-NPs at three concentrations (0, 2, and 4 mg L⁻¹). The sub-sub plots received four biostimulant combinations: control (water), chitosan (200 mg L⁻¹), proline (150 ppm), and a combination of chitosan + proline. Key parameters assessed included leaf relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, leaf proline content, root yield, sugar content, and white sugar yield. Data analysis was performed using SAS software (v. 9.1), and mean comparisons were conducted with the LSD test at a 5% significance level. Results The experimental findings demonstrated that the imposition of deficit irrigation significantly impaired key physiological and agronomic parameters, leading to a substantial reduction in leaf relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, and ultimately, root yield. However, the foliar application of the various treatments, particularly the combined formulations, effectively mitigated these adverse effects. Under drought stress conditions, an analysis of physiological traits revealed that the application of 4 mg L⁻¹ ZnO-NPs alone resulted in the highest recorded leaf proline content (0.46 mg g⁻¹ FW). Furthermore, the binary combination of chitosan and proline under the same stress conditions provided a significant boost, increasing proline content by 4.76% and enhancing stomatal conductance by 13.32% compared to the stressed control plants, indicating an improved osmotic adjustment and gas exchange capacity. Regarding yield and quality parame ters, the most effective single treatment under normal irrigation was 2 mg L⁻¹ ZnO-NPs, which increased root yield by 11.07%. Under the constraint of deficit irrigation, the chitosan and proline combination emerged as particularly potent, significantly elevating root yield by 11.76%, sugar content by 15.67%, and white sugar yield by a remarkable 32.71% compared to the non-treated stressed control. The most compelling evidence of an interactive effect was observed with the triple-combination treatment. The synergistic application of 2 mg L⁻¹ ZnO-NPs+ Chitosan+ Proline was the most effective overall strategy. It produced the highest values across multiple critical metrics: stomatal conductance (16.51 mol m⁻² s⁻¹), root yield (68.77 t ha⁻¹), sugar content (16.34%), and white sugar yield (9.65 t ha⁻¹). This superior performance across the board clearly demonstrates a powerful synergistic interaction among the components, where their combined effect surpasses the sum of their individual contributions, establishing this integrated approach as a highly effective strategy for enhancing sugar beet productivity and resilience under water-deficit conditions. Discussion The findings of this study robustly confirm our initial hypothesis that the combined foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), chitosan, and proline confers a greater advantage in mitigating drought stress in sugar beet than the application of any single component. The observed synergy suggests that each element contributes a unique, complementary mechanism to a comprehensive defense strategy, leading to the significant improvements in physiological resilience and yield parameters. The enhanced physiological performance can be attributed to a multi-faceted mechanism of action. Firstly, zinc oxide nanoparticles are instrumental in bolstering the plant's biochemical defenses. They are known to enhance the activity of key antioxidant enzymes, thereby reducing the oxidative damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) under drought conditions. Concurrently, ZnO-NPs contribute to improved photosynthetic efficiency, potentially by protecting the photosynthetic apparatus and facilitating better light utilization. Secondly, chitosan functions primarily as a potent elicitor, priming the plant's innate defense systems. This priming effect leads to a more robust and rapid response to water scarcity, including improved stomatal regulation. By optimizing stomatal aperture, chitosan helps maintain a critical balance between CO₂ uptake for photosynthesis and water conservation through transpiration. Thirdly, the role of proline is fundamental to osmotic adjustment. As a highly soluble osmolyte, proline accumulates in the cytoplasm, lowering the osmotic potential and helping to maintain turgor pressure within cells. This process is vital for sustaining cell expansion and metabolic activity under dehydrating conditions. Furthermore, proline acts as a molecular chaperone, stabilizing proteins and membranes, and as a potent antioxidant, directly scavenging free radicals to protect cellular structures from oxidative damage. The powerful synergy among these components creates a cascade of benefits. The elicitor activity of chitosan primes the plant's stress response pathways, potentially making it more receptive to the benefits of ZnO-NPs and proline. The ROS-scavenging and photosynthetic support from ZnO-NPs, combined with the osmotic and protective functions of proline, collectively lead to superior plant water status, a more robust antioxidant defense system, and ultimately, a more efficient partitioning of photo-assimilates. This redirected flow of carbohydrates towards the roots as a primary sink is the direct cause of the observed enhancements in both root yield and sugar quality under drought stress. This integrated approach, which leverages multiple physiological pathways, aligns with the growing body of literature advocating for integrated nutrient and biostimulant strategies as a cornerstone of sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture. Conclusion This study concludes that the combined foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (2 mg L⁻¹), chitosan, and proline is a highly effective agronomic strategy for alleviating the detrimental impacts of drought stress on sugar beet. This treatment combination synergistically improves the plant's physiological resilience, leading to significantly higher root yield and sugar productivity. It is therefore recommended as a practical and sustainable approach for cultivating sugar beet in water-limited environments to ensure economic stability for farmers. References Molavi M, Nabizadeh E, Hamze H, Sharafi S. Investigating the effect of priming with UV-B and foliar application of micronutrient elements in modulating the adverse effect of water deficit stress in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Agricultural Research. 2025; Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-025-00851-w Gholizadeh F, Gohari G, Pál M, Szalai G, Khan I, Janda T. Enhancing wheat resilience to salt stress through an integrative nanotechnology approach with chitosan proline and chitosan glycine. Scientific Reports.2025;15(1):11126. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-12345-4. Agurla S, Gayatri G, Raghavendra AS. Nitric oxide as a secondary messenger during stomatal closure as a part of plant immunity response against pathogens. Nitric Oxide. 2014;43:89-96. Doi:https://doi.org /10.1016/j.niox.2014.07.004. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثرات نانوذرات اکسید روی و محرک‌های رشد (کیتوزان و پرولین) بر صفت‌های فیزیولوژیک و عملکرد چغندرقند تحت شرایط آبیاری نرمال و تنش کم‌آبی انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های دو بار خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال‌های ۱۴۰۱ و ۱۴۰۲ اجرا گردید. تیمارها شامل دو سطح آبیاری نرمال (آبیاری بعد از 90 میلی‌متر تبخیر و تنش کم‌آبی (آبیاری بعد از 180 میلی‌متر تبخیر) در کرت‌های اصلی و سه سطح نانوذرات اکسید روی (صفر، ۲ و ۴ میلی‌گرم در لیتر) و چهار سطح محرک رشد (شاهد، کیتوزان (200 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) پرولین (150ppm) و ترکیب آن‌ها) در کرت‌های فرعی بودند. نتایج نشان داد کاربرد 4 میلی‌گرم در لیتر نانواکسید روی تحت شرایط تنش کم‌آبی محتوی پرولین (94/17 درصد)، ضریب هدایت روزنه‌ای (13/32 درصد)، عملکرد ریشه (48/10 درصد)، عیار قند (46/11 درصد) و عملکرد شکر (89/26 درصد) را در مقایسه با شاهد به‌صورت معنی‌داری افزایش داد. همچنین تحت شرایط تنش کم‌آبی محلول‌پاشی کیتوزان + پرولین منجر به افزایش معنی‌دار محتوی پرولین (76/4 درصد)، عملکرد ریشه (76/11 درصد)، عیار قند (67/15 درصد) و عملکرد شکر (71/32 درصد) در مقایسه با شاهد شد. در این مطالعه کاربرد هم‌زمان 2 میلی‌گرم در لیتر نانو اکسید روی همراه با محلول‌پاشی کیتوزان + پرولین موجب حصول حداکثر ضریب هدایت روزنه‌ای (45/15 و 51/16 مول بر مترمربع در ثانیه)، عملکرد ریشه (77/68 و 17/67 تن در هکتار)، عیار قند (31/15 و 34/16 درصد) و عملکرد شکر (65/9 و 53/9 تن در هکتار) شد. به‌طور کلی، کاربرد ترکیبی نانوذرات اکسید روی، کیتوزان و پرولین، به‌عنوان راهکاری مؤثر برای افزایش تحمل به خشکی چغندرقند پیشنهاد می‌شود. این تیمار با بهبود وضعیت آبی، افزایش اسمولیت‌ها، عملکرد گیاه را افزایش داد.

https://jsb.areeo.ac.ir/article_134753_d3cba3ffbc225db5bc9fdff291ad92b3.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندر قند با همکاری انجمن علوم زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران چغندرقند 1735-0670 41 1 2025 12 30 The effect of ammonium nitrate and humic acid fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet cultivars اثر کود نیترات آمونیوم و اسید هیومیک بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی ارقام چغندرقند † 113 132 134962 10.22092/jsb.2025.371538.1400 FA ابراهیم شمشیری دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد اگروتکنولوژی، 'گروه مهندسی تولید وژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی شیروان، دانشگاه بجنورد، بجنورد، ایران مهدی بابائیان گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی شیروان، دانشگاه بجنورد. محمد خیرخواه گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی شیروان، دانشگاه بجنورد. Journal Article 2025 11 26 Extended Abstract Introduction Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a major industrial crop with significant economic importance, particularly in regions such as Iran, where it contributes to both agricultural output and sugar production industry. Despite its potential, average sugar beet yield remains suboptimal, emphasizing the need for improved crop management strategies. Nitrogen is a critical nutrient that enhances vegetative growth, root development, and sugar accumulation, and its efficient uptake and utilization are strongly influenced by cultivar-specific characteristics. Humic acid, as an organic amendment, has been shown to stimulate enzymatic activity, enhance nutrient absorption, and improve root architecture, thereby increasing both yield and quality. The integration of mineral nitrogen and humic substances not only boosts biomass and sugar yield but also improves nitrogen use efficiency, offering agronomic and environmental benefits. Considering these factors, the present study aimed to investigate the combined effects of ammonium nitrate and foliar-applied humic acid on the quantitative and qualitative traits of three sugar beet cultivars. Materials and Methods This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar-applied humic acid and ammonium nitrate fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative performance of three sugar beet cultivars in Farooj, Iran, during the 2021 growing season. The experiment was arranged in a split-split plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was cultivar, including Aria, Marinia, and Ernstina. The sub-factor was nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) applied at three levels: 0, 100, and 150 kg ha⁻¹. The sub-sub-factor was foliar application of humic acid at three levels: 0, 2.5, and 5 L ha⁻¹. Planting was carried out in early April using a six-row pneumatic planter, with 50 cm row spacing and 7 cm between plants within each row. Buffer zones were established between plots and replications to minimize edge effects. Irrigation was applied using a sprinkler system immediately after planting, repeated every four days until emergence, and subsequently every 10 days. During the growing season and at harvest, root length and diameter, as well as fresh and dry biomass of roots and above-ground parts, were measured. For qualitative analysis, root pulp extracts were prepared, and sodium and potassium concentrations were determined using flame photometry, while alpha-amino nitrogen was measured with a Betalizer. White sugar yield was calculated by multiplying recoverable sugar by root weight. Data were checked for normality using XLSTAT 2016, analyzed via ANOVA in SAS 9.1, and mean comparisons were performed using LSD at P ≤ 0.05. Results and discussion Results of the variance analysis indicated that the interaction of cultivar × ammonium nitrate × humic acid was significant (P < 0.01) for shoot dry weight. Mean comparisons showed that, in all three cultivars, shoot dry weight increased with higher humic acid application under ammonium nitrate treatments. The highest shoot dry weight was recorded in Ernestina with 150 kg ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate combined with 5 L ha⁻¹ humic acid (48.2 t ha⁻¹), whereas the lowest was observed in the control treatment (N0H0) at 25.1 t ha⁻¹. The interaction of cultivar× ammonium nitrate and humic acid× ammonium nitrate was sig nificant (P< 0.01) for root yield. Low ammonium nitrate levels resulted in the lowest root yield, and higher levels enhanced it. Ernestina exhibited superior performance across all nitrogen levels, reaching 74.61 t ha⁻¹ at N150, with the highest nitrogen use efficiency, whereas Aria required higher nitrogen levels to achieve optimal yield. The interaction of cultivar× ammonium nitrate × humic acid was also significant for root sodium and potassium contents. Increasing ammonium nitrate and decreasing humic acid led to higher accumulation, with maximum sodium and potassium contents of 2.94 and 41.7 meq per 100 g fresh weight in Ernestina under N150H0, and minimum values of 1.46 and 3.7 meq per 100 g in Aria under N0H5. The interaction of cultivar× ammonium nitrate× humic acid was significant for sugar yield, while interactions of cultivar× humic acid, cultivar× ammonium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate× humic acid significantly affected white sugar yield. Sugar yield decreased with increasing ammonium nitrate but increased with humic acid, with the lowest value of 8.43 t ha⁻¹ in Aria under N150H0 and the highest of 21.41 t ha⁻¹ in Ernestina under N0H5. White sugar yield consistently increased with humic acid across all nitrogen levels, reaching a maximum of 12.44 t ha⁻¹ in Ernestina. These findings indicate that the combination of 150 kg ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate and 5 L ha⁻¹ humic acid produced the greatest improvements in both quantitative and qualitative traits. Integrated management of nitrogen and humic acid, considering the genetic characteristics of cultivars, plays a critical role in enhancing growth and increasing sugar beet performance. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that the combined application of ammonium nitrate and humic acid significantly influenced vegetative growth, root yield, and sugar quality of sugar beet. Increasing ammonium nitrate up to 150 kg ha⁻¹ enhanced shoot dry weight, root yield, and sugar production, while excessive nitrogen could reduce sugar quality. Humic acid, particularly when applied with high nitrogen levels, improved vegetative growth, sugar content, and the uptake of beneficial nutrients while reducing the accumulation of harmful compounds. Among the cultivars, Ernstina showed the highest nitrogen use efficiency, highlighting the importance of integrated management of these inputs to maximize yield. References Cao W, Sun H, Shao C, Wang Y, Zhu J, Long H, Zhang Y. Progress in the study of plant nitrogen and potassium nutrition and their interaction mechanisms. Horticulturae. 2025; 11(8):930. DOI: https://Doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080930. Wyszkowski M, Kordala N, Brodowska MS. Role of humic acids-based fertilisers and nitrogen fertilisers in the regulation of the macroelement content in maize biomass. Journal of Elementology. 2023; 28(4): 1289–1309. DOI: 10.5601/jelem.2023.28.4.3207. Rassam G, Dadkhah A, Yazdi AK, Dashti M. Impact of humic acid on yield and quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) grown on calcareous soil. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 2015; 7(3): 367–371. DOI: https://Doi.org/10.15835/nsb739568. The results indicated that the application of humic acid and ammonium nitrate had significant effects on all studied traits. The highest root yield (63.5 t ha⁻¹), fresh shoot weight (13.5 t ha⁻¹), shoot dry weight (2.48 t ha⁻¹), root dry weight (10.89 t ha⁻¹), root diameter (14.86 cm), and leaf area index (5.24) were obtained from the application of 150 kg ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate combined with 5 L ha⁻¹ humic acid. In addition, the highest sugar content (23.54%) was achieved from the treatment of 5 L ha⁻¹ humic acid in the Ernestina cultivar. The alkalinity coefficient and extractable sugar percentage increased with humic acid application, whereas root sodium and potassium contents decreased. Overall, the Ernestina cultivar outperformed the other two cultivars in terms of root and shoot growth characteristics in response to the applied treatments. Therefore, under conditions similar to those of the present experiment, the use of the Ernestina cultivar in combination with 150 kg ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate and 5 L ha⁻¹ humic acid is recommended to achieve the highest pure sugar yield along with the highest sugar content. به‌منظور بررسی اثر کاربرد کود نیترات آمونیوم و اسید هیومیک بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی ارقام چغندرقند، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های دوبار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 1400 در شهرستان فاروج، استان خراسان شمالی انجام شد. عامل اصلی رقم که شامل ارقام آریا، مارینیا و ارنستینا، عامل فرعی کود نیتروژن (نیترات آمونیوم) در سه سطح صفر، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار و عامل فرعی دوم شامل محلول‌پاشی کود اسید هیومیک در سه سطح: صفر، دو و نیم و پنج لیتر در هکتار بود. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد اسید هیومیک و نیترات آمونیوم تأثیر معنی‌داری بر تمامی صفات مورد مطالعه داشت. بیشترین وزن خشک اندام هوایی (48/2 تن در هکتار) و عملکرد ریشه (5/63 تن در هکتار) با مصرف 150 کیلوگرم نیترات آمونیوم به همراه پنج لیتر اسید هیومیک در هکتار حاصل شد. همچنین بالاترین عیار قند (54/23 درصد) در تیمار پنج لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک در رقم ارنستینا مشاهده شد. ضریب استحصال با مصرف اسید هیومیک افزایش پیدا کرد ولی محتوی سدیم و پتاسیم ریشه با کاربرد اسید هیومیک کاهش یافت. به‌طور کلی رقم ارنستینا نسبت به دو رقم دیگر از لحاظ خصوصیات رشدی ریشه و اندام‌های هوایی تحت تأثیر تیمارهای استفاده‌شده برتری داشت بنابراین در صورت استفاده از رقم مذکور، 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیترات آمونیوم و مصرف پنج لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک در شرایط مشابه این آزمایش به منظور کسب بیشترین مقدار عملکرد شکر سفید پیشنهاد می‌گردد.

https://jsb.areeo.ac.ir/article_134962_9a25782e97bf2e988e6f47f9a6559f6f.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندر قند با همکاری انجمن علوم زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران چغندرقند 1735-0670 41 1 2025 12 30 Investigating the effect of seed priming with ultraviolet radiation under different irrigation regimes on the quantitative and qualitative performance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), cultivar Dorotea بررسی اثر پرایمینگ بذر با اشعه فرابنفش در شرایط مختلف آبیاری بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L) رقم دوروتی 133 152 134618 10.22092/jsb.2025.369073.1384 FA مهرداد مولوی 'گروه آگروتکنولوژی ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی - واحد مهاباد اسمعیل نبی زاده دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مهاباد، مهاباد حمزه حمزه استادیار بخش تحقیقات چغندرقند، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان همدان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، همدان، ایران. سوران شرفی گروه آگروتکنولوژی ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی - واحد مهاباد Journal Article 2025 04 06 Extended Abstract Introduction Sugar beet is a major source of sugar and is particularly sensitive to drought, which can cause yield reductions of 5-30%, especially in arid regions such as Iran. Drought stress adversely affects crop productivity by limitimg water availability. Seed priming, especially with low doses of UV radiation, has shown promise in enhancing germination and growth under stress conditions by improving water uptake and activating antioxidant defense mechanisms. Although UV radiation is generally harmful, low doses can enhance plant resilience to environmental stresses. Given Iran's arid climate, sugar beet production faces significant challenges, underscoring the need for strategies to reduce water consumption while maintaining yields. This study investigates the effects of UV-B priming on alleviating water stress in sugar beet, an area that remains relatively underexplored Materials and Methods This two-year field study (2021-2023) was conducted at the research farm of Mahabad University, Iran. The experiment was arranged as a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were assigned two irrigation regimes: normal (irrigation after 60 mm evaporation) and drought stress (irrigation after 120 mm evaporation). Sub-plots received UV-B seed priming treatments at three levels: control (UV1), 4 kJ m⁻² (UV2), and 6 kJ m⁻² (UV3). Seeds of the 'Dorothy' cultivar were sterilized and exposed to the respective UV-B doses using NARVA lamps prior to sowing. Crop management followed standard agronomic practices. The measured parameters included leaf relative water content, leaf area index, leaf proline content, root yield, and sugar-related traits (sugar content, white sugar yield, and extraction coefficient of sugar). Data were analyzed using SAS software (v. 9.1) for analysis of variance and mean comparisons (LSD test at 5% significance level). Additionally, biplot analysis was performed using the FactoMineR package in R Studio Results and Discussion The findings of this study demonstrate that UV-B seed priming significantly modulates the physiological and agronomic responses of sugar beet to drought stress. A significant year-by-irrigation interaction revealed that drought stress reduced the leaf area index by 19.29% and 37.82% in the first and second years, respectively. Relative water content (RWC) was significantly influenced by the interaction between irrigation and UV priming, with the UV2 treatment under normal irrigation exhibiting the highest RWC (71.79%). Notably, UV2 priming increased RWC by 16.64% and 19.21% under normal and drought conditions, respectively, compared with the control. Proline content was significantly affected by UV priming and its interaction with irrigation, with the highest accumulation observed under the combined stress of drought and the high-dose UV3 treatment, indicating a synergistic stress response. Furthermore, aerial dry weight and root yield were significantly influenced by these interactions; the UV2 treatment under normal irrigation yielded the highest values and was the only treatment that significantly increased root yield (by 18.43%) under drought stress. While the highest sugar content was associated with UV2 and UV3 treatments under drought stress, UV2 under normal irrigation achieved the maximum white sugar yield (11.97 t ha⁻¹). Importantly, under drought stress, UV2 priming increased white sugar yield by 30.33% compared with the control, highlighting its role in enhancing stress tolerance. Multivariate analysis corroborated these results, with cluster and biplot analyses (explaining 82.1% of total variance) confirming that UV2 under normal irrigation was associated to superior yield components. In contrast, UV2 under drought stress was linked with elevated sugar content, while high-dose UV3 under drought clustered with the highest proline level and the poorest growth Conclusion In conclusion, this study demonstrates that seed priming with ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, particularly at the dose of 4 kJ m⁻² (UV2), is as an effective strategy to enhance both the quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet under varying irrigation regimes. The UV2 treatment not only significantly improved root yield and sugar content under drought stress but also consistently enhanced key growth and physiological parameters, including leaf relative water content, aerial dry weight, and sugar yield, under both well-watered and water-deficient conditions. These findings suggest that UV-B priming activates critical physiological and biochemical mechanisms that effectively mitigate the detrimental effects of drought stress while simultaneously improving overall crop performance. Therefore, pre-sowing treatment of sugar beet seeds with an optimal UV-B dose is recommended as a viable and cost-effective agricultural practice to bolster yield stability and sugar productivity in drought-prone environments. References Rasaei B, Jalali-Honarmand S, Ghobadi M, Zhou G. Effect of ultraviolet radiation and abscisic acid on activity of antioxidant enzymes and physiological and morphological traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under different irrigation intervals. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 2020; 12 (40): 71-53. (in Persian). Doi:https://doi.org/10.22034/csrar.2021.226242.1065 Li D, Luo Z, Mou W, Wang Y, Ying T, Mao L. ABA and UV-C effects on quality, antioxidant capacity and anthocyanin content of strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa Duch.). Postharvest Biology and Technology. 2014; (90): 56-62. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2013;12.006 Sacala E, Demczuk A, Grzyoe E, ProsbaBialczyk U, Szajsner H. Impact of pre-sowing laser irradiation of seeds on sugar beet properties. International Agrophysics. 2012; 26: 295-300. Doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0042-6 با هدف بررسی اثر پیش‌تیمار بذر با اشعه فرابنفش (UV-B) بر خصوصیات کمّی و کیفی چغندرقند رقم دوروتی و تیمارهای مختلف آبیاری، آزمایشی به‌صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی اجرا شد. دو سطح آبیاری معمول و تنش (به ترتیب آبیاری بعد از 60 و 120 میلی‌متر تبخیر) با روش آبیاری قطره‌ای به کرت‌های اصلی و پرایمینگ بذر با سطوح شاهد (عدم استفاده از اشعه فرابنفش) (UV1)، 4 kJm−2 (UV2) و 6 kJm−2 (UV3) به کرت‌های فرعی اختصاص داده شدند. نتایج نشان داد تیمار با سطوح UV2 عملکرد شکر را در مقایسه با شاهد به‌صورت معنی‌دار (63/40 درصد) افزایش داد. درصد قند سفید تحت شرایط کم‌آبی 42/9 درصد (معادل 27/1 واحد) در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش یافت، همچنین سطوح UV2 و UV3 درصد قند سفید را در مقایسه با سطح UV1 به‌ترتیب 83/12 و 30/9 درصد (معادل 67/1 و 21/1 واحد) افزایش دادند. پرایمینگ بذر با سطح UV2 تحت شرایط آبیاری معمول، محتوی نسبی آب برگ، وزن خشک اندام هوایی، عملکرد ریشه، عیار قند و عملکرد شکر سفید را به‌ترتیب 64/16، 42/19، 68/16، 01/35 و 80/36 درصد در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش داد. تحت شرایط تنش کمبود آب تیمار با سطح UV2 موجب افزایش محتوی نسبی آب برگ، وزن خشک اندام هوایی، عملکرد ریشه، عیار قند و عملکرد شکر سفید به‌ترتیب 21/19، 74/27، 43/18، 06/8 و 33/30 درصد و کاهش محتوی پرولین به مقدار 08/5 درصد در مقایسه با شاهد شد. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان داد که پرایمینگ بذر چغندرقند با پرتو فرابنفش (UV)، به‌ویژه در سطح UV2، یک راهبرد مؤثر برای کاهش اثرات منفی تنش کم‌آبی و بهبود عملکرد کمی و کیفی این محصول است.

https://jsb.areeo.ac.ir/article_134618_ba91304dfd3d5814e6169996b02ebb30.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندر قند با همکاری انجمن علوم زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران چغندرقند 1735-0670 41 1 2025 12 30 Effect of root size on the mechanical and chemical properties of sugar beet تأثیر اندازه ریشه بر خصوصیات مکانیکی و شیمیایی چغندرقند 153 166 134804 10.22092/jsb.2025.370186.1391 FA بابک بابائی استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. ولی اله یوسف آبادی استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. محمدرضا میرزایی استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. پرویز فصاحت دانشیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. Journal Article 2025 08 08 Extended Abstract Introduction The economic value of sugar derived from sugar beet primarily depends on the technological quality of the root and the efficiency of sugar extraction methods. Technological quality is defined as a combination of chemical, biological, and physical characteristics that determine the recoverable sucrose yield and consequently influence sugar production costs. Among the physical traits, root elasticity and resistance to cutting are of particular importance as they directly affect root handling and processing efficiency. Root elasticity influences the extent of mechanical damage and breakage during harvesting, storage, transportation, and washing. resistance to cutting plays a crucial role during the slicing stage of processing, determining the ease of cossette formation and sucrose diffusion. A woody root texture increases blade wear, causes irregular cossette thickness, and ultimately reduces sucrose diffusion efficiency in the diffusion process. Materials and Methods This study was conducted from 2018 to 2020 at the experimental farm of the Sugar Beet Seed Institute, Kamalshahr, Karaj, Iran, to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of four commercial sugar beet cultivars. Each year, sowing was performed in May in a 5 × 150 m² plot with a row spacing of 50 cm and a plant density of 100,000 plants per cultivar. The experiment was arranged as a factorial (B × A) based on a randomized complete block design with ten replications. Factor A included four cultivars: IR1 (a₁), IR2 (a₂), IR3 (a₃), and IR4 (a₄), while factor B represented root size, classified into three weight categories: small (<0.5 kg, S), medium (0.5–1.0 kg, M), and large (>1.0 kg, L). In November of each year, after reaching technological maturity, ten random samples were collected from each cultivar, each consisting of 50 individual roots. After weighing, roots were grouped by size, and ten roots per size group were randomly selected for mechanical property assessment (resistance to cutting and elasticity). The remaining roots were analyzed for chemical properties with ten replications. Chemical traits included total sugar content, sodium, potassium, harmful nitrogen, extractable sugar, and molasses sugar. Mechanical tests were performed using an INSTRON HOUNSFIELD universal testing machine. Rectangular specimens (2 × 2.5 × 2.7 cm³) were cut from the crown, middle, and tip sections of the roots. A 5 cm diameter compression cylinder was used for elasticity measurement, while a blade measuring 0.15 × 5.5 × 8 cm³ was used for resistance to cutting testing. Results and Discussion The average relative distribution of small, medium, and large roots across the three years was as follows: IR1 (49, 39, and 12%), IR2 (55, 34, and 11%), IR3 (32, 43, and 25%), and IR4 (47, 37, and 16%). Analysis of variance revealed significant effects of cultivar, year, and root size on the chemical properties of sugar beet. Extractable sugar content was significantly lower in large roots (>1 kg) than in medium (0.5–1 kg) and small (<0.5 kg) roots (P < 0.05). No significant linear correlation was found between root weight and the elasticity of the central section. Increasing root size resulted in a significant reduction in extractable sugar, confirming that larger roots are less desirable for processing efficiency (P < 0.05). A weak but significant negative correlation was observed between root size and resistance to cutting, described by the regression equation y = -0.0036x + 11.121 with a coefficient of determination R² = 0.18 (P < 0.01). Overall, medium-sized roots (up to 1 kg) were identified as optimal for industrial processing, combining higher sugar content with lower resistance to cutting compared with small and large roots. It is therefore recommended that crop management practices should aim to achieve an average single-root weight of approximately 1 kg. Conclusion It is recommended that crop management practices should aim to achieve an average single-root weight of approximately 1 kg. Roots of this size not only contain higher sugar content compared with larger sugar beet roots but also and offer lower resistance to cutting than smaller roots. This combination ensures better slicing and enhances sucrose extraction efficiency during the diffusion process in sugar factory References Campbell LG. Sugar beet quality improvement, Journal of Crop Production, 2002; 5:1/2, 395-413. Doi:http://doi.org/10.1300/J144v05n01_16 Schäfer J, Hale J, Hoffmann CM, Bunzel M. Mechanical properties and compositional characteristics of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties and their response to nitrogen application. European Food Research and Technology 2020; 246:2135–2146. Doi:http://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03562-4 Roggo Y, Duponchel L and Huvenne JP. Quality evaluation of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris) by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of agricultural food chemistry, 2004; 52, 1055–1061. Doi:http://doi.org/10.1021/jf0347214 Each cultivar was grown in 150 × 5 m² plots, and in November, 10 random samples (each sample consisting of 50 roots) were harvested and classified into the three root size groups. Ten roots per each size group were randomly selected for measuring shear strength and elasticity, while the remaining roots were used to determine quality attributes in 10 replicates. Shear strength and elasticity were assessed at three sections of each root (crown, mid-root, and tip) using an INSTRON Hounsfield texture analyzer. he results showed that the average relative frequency of root size distribution over the three-year period was as follows: IR1 — 49% small, 39% medium, 12% large; IR2 — 55%, 34%, 11%; IR3 — 32%, 43%, 25%; and IR4 — 47%, 37%, 16%. Extractable sucrose content was significantly lower in large roots compared to medium and small roots (p < 0.01). Root weight was negatively correlated with shear strength (R² = 0.18) and extractable sucrose percentage (R² = 0.12), while no significant correlation was found between root weight and elasticity (R² = 0.07). In terms of shear strength, cultivar rankings were as follows: IR3 < IR2 < IR1 < IR4, with IR3 exhibiting the lowest resistance. Overall, medium-sized roots were identified as the optimal root size, combining higher sugar content compared with large roots and lower shear resistance compared with small roots, which facilitates slicing and improves sucrose diffusion during processing. It is therefore recommended that crop management practices be directed toward achieving an average single-root weight of approximately 1 kg. ساکارز قابل استخراج چغندرقند تحت تأثیر خصوصیات شیمیایی و مکانیکی ریشه قرار دارد. هدف این پژوهش بررسی تأثیر اندازه ریشه بر ویژگی‌های مکانیکی (شامل مقاومت به برش و خاصیت ارتجاعی) و ساکارز قابل استحصال چغندرقند طی سه سال زراعی (99–۱۳۹7) بود که در یک آزمایش فاکتوریل (B×A) در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 10 تکرار در مزرعه ایستگاه تحقیقاتی کمال‌شهر کرج اجرا شد. چهار رقم تجارتی چغندرقند (فاکتور A) شامل IR1، IR2، IR3 و IR4 در سه گروه وزنی (فاکتور B) شامل: ریز (کمتر از نیم کیلوگرم (S))، متوسط (بین نیم تا یک کیلوگرم (M))، و درشت (بزرگتر از یک کیلوگرم (L)) بودند. هر رقم در قطعه زمینی به ابعاد 150× 5 مترمربع کشت و برداشت ریشه چغندرقند در آبان‌ماه انجام شد. از هر رقم، 10 نمونه تصادفی شامل 50 ریشه برداشت و به سه گروه ریز، متوسط و درشت تقسیم شدند. از میان هر گروه 10 ریشه تصادفی جهت تعیین خصوصیات مکانیکی و مابقی ریشه‌های هر گروه در 10 تکرار، تعیین کیفیت شدند. مقاومت به برش و وضعیت ارتجاعی ریشه در سه بخش طوقه، ریشه و دم با استفاده از دستگاه اینسترون اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین فراوانی نسبی ریشه‌ها در گروه‌های وزنی مختلف طی سه سال، برای اندازه ریز، متوسط و درشت به ترتیب در رقم IR1%49 (ریز)، %39 (متوسط) و %12 (درشت)، رقم IR2 %55، %34 و 11%، رقم IR3 %32، %43 و 25% و رقم IR4 %47، %37 و 16% بودند. قند قابل استحصال برای ریشه‌های درشت (07/12%) به طور معنی‌داری از قند قابل استحصال ریشه‌های با گروه وزنی متوسط (93/12%) و ریز (37/13%) کمتر بودند (p<0.01). بین وزن ‌ریشه با صفات مقاومت به برش (R² = 0.18) و درصد قند قابل استحصال (R² = 0.12) همبستگی منفی معنی‌دار ضعیفی مشاهده شد (P<0.01). اما رابطه معناداری میان وزن ریشه با وضعیت ارتجاعی ریشه مشاهده نشد (R² = 0.07). از نظر مقاومت به برش، ترتیب ارقام شامل< IR2< IR1< IR4 IR3 بود. به‌طوری که رقم IR3 کمترین مقاومت به برش را نشان داد. ریشه‌های متوسط بهترین اندازه ریشه با درصد قند بیشتر نسبت به ریشه‌های درشت و مقاومت به برش کمتر نسبت به ریشه های ریز برخوردار بودند که موجب خلال پذیری و انتشار بهتر ساکارز در فرآیند دیفوزیون می‌شود. بنابراین توصیه می‌شود مدیریت کاشت و داشت مزرعه به نحوی باشد که میانگین وزن تک ریشه چغندرقند حدود یک کیلوگرم باشد.

https://jsb.areeo.ac.ir/article_134804_49127f85c12ee184063de5e276893040.pdf

موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندر قند با همکاری انجمن علوم زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران چغندرقند 1735-0670 41 1 2025 12 30 Determination of sugar beet sucrose content using an infrared-spectrometer-equipped polarimeter compared to the conventional polarimetric method تعیین عیار چغندرقند با پلاریمتر مجهز به طیف سنج مادون قرمز در مقایسه با روش مرسوم پلاریمتری 167 174 134296 10.22092/jsb.2025.369456.1389 FA بابک بابائی استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. Journal Article 2025 05 13 Extended Abstract Introduction The sugar content of sugar beet in the sugar industry is commonly measured by polarimetric method. The advantages of this method include its speed and, when the sample purity is high, its acceptable accuracy and repeatability. However, one limitation of the polarimetric method is the requirement for sample transparency to allow the passage of polarized light. To clarify the sample solution, compounds such as lead acetate or aluminum sulfate are used, with lead acetate being particularly problematic due to its environmental toxicity. Recently, a polarimeter equipped with an infrared source and an auto-filtration extraction device has been introduced to the market, aiming to eliminate the need for the toxic lead acetate clarifying compound. This study aimed to compare the results of analyzing sugar beet brei samples grown under different climatic conditions in the beet-growing regions of the country with those of beets stored in factory silos, using two methods: polarimetry with visible light and polarimetry with near-infrared (NIR) light. Materials and methods Frozen beet brei samples from various sugar beet research trials and the Jovein Sugar Factory were analyzed. These included 29 samples from Miandoab, 29 from Isfahan, 27 from Kerman, 28 from Shiraz, and 45 from Jovein Sugar Factory, totaling 158 samples. Each sample was analyzed using both the conventional and Autofilt methods. Each sample consisted of 200 grams of sugar beet brei, prepared from 40 to 50 sugar beet roots that were washed, had their crowns and aerial parts removed, then pulped, homogenized, and frozen at -20°C. Prior to analysis, the samples were thawed at 25°C and re-homogenized. One portion of each sample was analyzed using the conventional method, and the other using the Autofilt system with a polarimeter equipped with an infrared spectrometer. For the conventional method, juice extraction was performed via cold digestion by mixing 26 grams of brei with 177 mL of 0.01 mol/L alkaline lead acetate solution. In the Autofilt method, juice extraction was carried out using a pressurized filtration system at 5 bar (0.5 MPa) by mixing 26 grams of brei with 177 ml of distilled water and diatomaceous earth. The standard extraction and filtration system used was the Venma model, equipped with Dr. Kernschen's automatic Saccharomat device. The Autofilt system and Saccharomat with infrared light by Schmidt and Haensch were used for the alternative method. Sucrose content (pol) for each region and for the combined dataset was statistically compared using a paired t-test. Result The results showed that the average sugar content measured in some regions showed statistically significant differences between the two methods. However, for th e total sample set, there was no significant difference between the mean values obtained by the conventional method (17.06%) and the Autofilt method (16.68%) (P <0.094). A linear regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the two methods. The resulting equation was: y = 0.963x + 1.0043, with a coefficient of determination of R² = 0.98, where y represents the sucrose content measured by the conventional polarimetric method, and x represents the content measured by the Autofilt method. Given the advantages of the Autofilt method, it is recommended to implement this system alongside the conventional method, especially for high-throughput analysis of fresh beet pulp samples. Adoption in at least one sugar factory is suggested to validate performance under industrial conditions, enabling broader national application with increased confidence. Conclusion The results of this study showed that while there were statistically significant differences between the two methods in some regions, the overall mean sugar content measured by the conventional and Autofilt methods did not differ significantly. A strong correlation between the two methods (R² = 0.98) confirms the reliability of the Autofilt system. Given its environmental and operational advantages, particularly the elimination of toxic clarifying agents, the Autofilt method is recommended as a complementary tool to the conventional approach, especially for high-throughput analysis of fresh beet pulp. Pilot implementation in at least one sugar factory is suggested to validate its performance under industrial conditions and support broader adoption. References Pan L, Lu R, Zhu Q, McGrath J M and Tu K. Measurement of moisture, soluble solids, sucrose content and mechanical properties in sugar beet using portable visible and near-infrared spectroscopy. Postharvest biology and technology, 2015; 102: 42-50. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.02.005 Roggo Y, Duponchel L, Huvenne J-P. Quality evaluation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) by near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2004; 52 (5): 1055-1061. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0347214. Kunz M, Martin D, Puke H. Precision of beet analyses in germany explained for polarization. Zukerindustrie, 2002; 127 (1), 13-21. اندازه‌گیری ساکارز چغندرقند (عیار) در صنعت قند به روش پلاریمتری انجام می‌گیرد. دستگاه پلاریمتر مجهز به نور مادون قرمز و دستگاه عصاره‌گیر اتوفیلت (Autofilt) با هدف افزایش سرعت فرآیند و حذف استفاده از ترکیب سمی استات سرب به عیارسنج کارخانه‌های قند معرفی شده است. این پژوهش با هدف مقایسه دو روش عصاره‌گیری و اندازه‌گیری ساکارز چغندرقند، شامل روش پلاریمتری معمول و روش مبتنی بر استفاده از اتوفیلت، طراحی و اجرا گردید. به این منظور نمونه‌های خمیر چغندرقند منجمد شده برخی آزمایش‌های تحقیقاتی چغندرقند و کارخانه قند جوین شامل میاندوآب 29 نمونه، اصفهان 29 نمونه، کرمان 27 نمونه، شیراز 28 نمونه و 45 نمونه از کارخانه قند جوین مجموعاً 158 نمونه به دو روش مذکور تعیین عیار شدند. هر نمونه شامل 200 گرم خمیر چغندرقند بود که از 40 تا 50 ریشه چغندرقند پس از شستشو و حذف بخش سر و اندام هوایی ریشه، خمیرگیری، یکنواخت‌سازی و در دمای منفی 20 درجه سانتی‌گراد منجمد شده بودند. نمونه‌ها در دمای آزمایشگاه از حالت انجماد خارج و پس از یکنواخت‌سازی مجدد خمیر هر نمونه بخشی از نمونه به روش معمول و بخش دیگر به روش اتوفیلت و پلاریمتر مجهز به طیف سنج مادون قرمز عیارسنجی شدند. عصاره‌گیری در روش معمول به روش هضم سرد، با اختلاط 26 گرم خمیر با 177 میلی‌لیتر محلول استات سرب قلیایی 01/0 مول بر لیتر انجام گرفت و در روش اتوفیلت، عصاره‌گیری تحت فشار فیلتراسیون 5 بار (5/0 مگاپاسکال) با اختلاط 26 گرم خمیر و 177 میلی‌لیتر آب مقطر و خاک دیاتومه انجام شد. مقایسه آماری عیار هر منطقه به‌طور جداگانه و برای کل نمونه‌ها به روش آزمون t جفت‌ شده انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان داد میانگین عیار برخی از مناطق با دو روش اندازه‌گیری، دارای تفاوت معنی‌داری بودند. با این وجود میانگین عیار اندازه‌گیری‌شده برای کل نمونه‌ها به روش معمول (06/17 درصد) با روش اتوفیلت (68/16) از لحاظ آماری تفاوت معنی‌داری در سطح احتمال پنج درصد نداشت. لذا پس از پلات نمودن داده‌های مربوط به تعیین عیار به روش معمول (y) در مقابل داده‌های مربوط به تعیین عیار به روش اتوفیلت (x) رابطه خطی y=0.963x+1.0043 با ضریب تعیین R2=0.98 به دست آمد که می‌تواند مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. با عنایت به مزایای روش عصاره‌گیری اتوفیلت پیشنهاد می‌گردد این سیستم در کنار روش معمول برای نمونه‌های بسیار زیاد و با استفاده از خمیر تازه در یکی از کارخانه‌های قند کشور مورد استفاده قرار گیرد تا با قطعیت بیش تر در سطح کشور قابل توصیه باشد.

https://jsb.areeo.ac.ir/article_134296_792b5fa145dc8b53fdfaa77397d26da2.pdf